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Not the immediate cause - it had been a long-running debate. The immediate cause was Lincoln's election victory on a ticket of no new slave-states.
The big immediate issue was the law requiring all new states to be non slave states. The underlying large issue was the erosion of residual state sovereignty guaranteed in the 9th and 10th amendments of the constitution. That larger issue is still being fought in the courts today.
The election of Lincoln as the first Republican president, after the Democratic Party had split into two factions. Lincoln had been elected because he was moderate on the slavery issue.
It holds negative connotations for some due to the slavery issue of the war, however some view it as just a symbol of rebellion. I think it is used more for that purpose than the other by some margin.
The Great Compromise settled the dispute of state representation in the U.S. Congress. It was decided that representation in the U.S. House of Representatives would be proportional to population, while representation in the U.S. Senate would be equal among all states.