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It's a mechanizism that senators use to delay the vote on a piece of legislation to which they object. It can be stopped through a 3/5ths vote of the senate
cloture
Senators are allowed to speak for or against a bill and a vote can not be taken until the everyone has had a reasonable opportunity to speak. However, there is a tactic known as the filibuster in which a senator or a group of Senators speak for no purpose except to delay a vote on the bill. The Senate can vote to end debate but this action currently required a 60% majority , so unless 60% of the senators want to end debate and get a vote, the debate can go on until the bill is withdrawn without a vote and the bill dies .
It would be Three-fifths of the Senate, or 60 members who vote against it.
A Filibuster is term used for an extended debate in the Senate which prevents a vote by wasting time.