A government official who has power to apply the law and put it in force is called a magistrate. The term is also used for a judge in a minor court.
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The House of Representatives has one power that none of the other branches possess. It is the power of impeachment of a government official.
The origin of government emphasizes the power of violence through the force theory.
The power of a court to judge the constitutionality of laws was established in Marbury v. Madison. In that case, the Supreme Court held that the constitution gives the courts the power to interpret the laws applying the constitution.
The federal government was granted the right to enforce federal laws, including the collection of protective tariffs. This was a power the federal government had not held before.