Some powers are expressly given to the federal government under the constitution - apex.
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The states had the power to pass and enforce laws and regulate trade within their borders. They could also establish local governements, schools, and other institutions affecting the welfare of their citizens. Both federal and state governments also had the power to tax and to build roads.
Baron de Montesuieu not john Locke
Montesquieu is best known as the originator of the concept of separation of powers between the three branches of government, the executive, judicial, and legislative, which forms the basis of the US Constitution. He was most often quoted by the founding fathers during the debate over the Constitution, with the exception of the Bible. The infamous forgery "The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion" was an almost word for word copy of a French play "Conversations in Hell Between Montesquieu and Machiavelli"
Article 1, Section 8 has a list of powers reserved to Congress; therefore they are not given to the states. These include coining money, establishing post offices, treating with foreign powers, declaring war, etc. There are many more, so you should look them up. When you do, read the rest of the Constitution too and become a Constitutional authority.
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