The Supreme Court's ruling is final and cannot be appealed. The United States Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices.
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That depends on the case. Often, the state supreme court is the end of the road for a case, making the decision of the state supreme court final and binding. Sometimes cases involved federal questions (issues arising under the US Constitution or federal law) that allow them to be appealed to the US Supreme Court. If the US Supreme Court hears such a case, it may affirm or overturn the state supreme court decision.
In most cases a Supreme Court decision is permanent. The current Supreme Court can change the decision of a previous Supreme Court.
Deciding which cases to hear from among the thousands appealed to the court each year; Deciding the case itself; And determining an explanation for the decision, called the court's opinion.
The Supreme Court decides cases that are appealed by a lower court; a lower court has made a decision and one of the parties feels strongly enough that the decision was wrong that they make an appeal to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court reviews the cases and determines which ones they will hear, they have the ability to decline to review a case. The Supreme Court doesn't hear only appeals, there are situations where it is the court of original jurisdiction. In situations where there is a disagreement between states, the Supreme Court has the authority to decide.
The Supreme Court must have a simple majority to render a decision in a case.