Separation of powers is what dividing the powers of government is called.
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Cities will generally have "Charters" as opposed to actual "Constitutions" and while the base principles may be the same, there are many distinct differences such as the ease with which they can be modified, the ratification process and more.
The idea / theory called "Trias Politica" as developed by Enlightenment thinker Montesquieu.
The system is called federalism, the creation of a central government to operate and coordinate shared government functions among the states.
It's called apportionment or to apportion.
The first U.S. government was called "The Articles of Confederation"You might also be looking for unicameral government