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Who were involved in the Navigation Acts?
The Navigation Acts occured throughout the late 17th century. If America was to trade with another foreign country i.e. The Netherlands, Scotland, etc. they would first have to give some of the traded profit to the British, because Great Britain allowed America to use their ships. There were 6 acts in total, the first being in 1651 and the last occurring in 1663.
Why did the navigation acts anger the colonist?
The Navigation Acts, directed the flow of goods between England and the colonies. Colonial merchants who had goods to send to England could not use foreign ships- even if those ships offered cheaper rates. The Navigation Acts also prevented the colonies from sending certain products, such as sugar or tobacco, outside England's empire.
How did the Navigation Acts benefit England?
The English Navigation Acts were a series of laws which restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (after 1707 Great Britain) and its colonies, which started in 1651. The 1651 Act (like other legislation of the Commonwealth period) was declared void on The Restoration of Charles II, having been passed by 'usurping powers'. Parliament therefore passed new legislation. This is generally referred to as the "Navigation Acts", and (with some amendments) remained in force for nearly two centuries. The Navigation Act 1660 added a twist to Oliver Cromwell's act; ships' crews had to be three-quarters English, and "enumerated" products not produced by the mother country, such as tobacco, cotton, and sugar were to be shipped from the colonies only to England or other English colonies. The Navigation Act 1663 (also called the Act for the Encouragement of Trade) required all European goods bound for America (or other colonies) to be shipped through England first. In England, the goods would be unloaded, inspected, paid duties, and reloaded. The trade had to be carried in English bottoms (i.e. vessels), which included those of its colonies. Furthermore, imports of 'enumerated commodities' (such as sugar, rice, and tobacco) had to be landed and pay tax before going on to other countries. This increased the cost to the colonies, and increased the shipping time. ("England" here includes Wales - though it was little involved in trade to distant parts. After the Act of Union 1707, Scotland enjoyed the same privileges). This Act entitled colonial shipping and seamen to enjoy the full benefits of the exclusive provisions. There was no bar put in the way of colonists who might wish to trade in their own shipping with foreign plantations or European countries other than England, provided they did not violate the enumerated commodity clause.[6] "English bottoms" included vessels built in English plantations (i.e. colonies), for example in America. The Acts were in full force for a short time only. After the Second Anglo-Dutch War, which ended disastrously for England, the Dutch obtained the right to ship commodities produced in their German hinterland to England as if these were Dutch goods. Even more importantly, England conceded the principle of "free ship, free good" which provided freedom of molestation by the Royal Navy of Dutch shipping on the high seas, even in wars in which the Dutch Republic was neutral. This more or less gave the Dutch freedom to conduct their "smuggling" unhindered as long as they were not caught red-handed in territorial waters controlled by England. These provisions were reconfimed in the Treaty of Westminster (1674) after the Third Anglo-Dutch War.
What is the president's airplane called?
The plane that carries the President of the United States of America is always called Air Force One. ANY plane he transfers to adopts the name while the President is on board, while all other planes he had been on revert to their standard 'name' (such as a '747').
What do explorers use?
they use maps and stuff like those they also used compasses
