THe House Speaker and the Senate majority leader are elected from the majority party. The Senate also has a president pro tempore who is elected by the Senate and now is traditionally the majority senator with the most seniority. The Vice President of the United States is the president of the Senate, but can not vote except in the case of a tie. The vice president is elected by the elecoral college along with the President.
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The official titles of each presiding officer is: The Senate: Vice President The House of Representatives: Speaker of the House. When the VP is not available, they have a person who is called the President Pro Tempore.
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Proposals during the Constitutional Convention ranged from 3 to 20 years, with some preferring 7 years. But eventually a midpoint term was chosen between Representatives (2 years) and Senators (6 years). And it was not until 1946 that the informal two-term limit was made mandatory. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress elected a presiding officer (President of Congress) for each session, none for more than a year and no re-elections.
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The Speaker of the House is elected by the members of the House of Representatives. Before the vote each party chooses their candidate. The majority party's candidate will then win the election (assuming his or her party's representatives vote according to the party's decision).