The Preamble protects citizens from the abuses of the government.
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Yes, because the 14th Amendment talks about the rights of citizens. It protects citizens from abuses of power from teh government, stating that everybody is entitled to due process.
protecting the citizens from abuses of power by the national government
New Nationalism
I believe you're referring to the three parts as the major part, the minor and the conclusion. The major says that ... 1. all men are created equal. 2. all men are endowed with certain inalienable rights; the right to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness 3. the government is created to sustain these rights 4. the government derives to do so through the people it governs. 5. if it ceases to do so, we have the right to abolish it. 6. and to initiate a new government. The minor says why the Colonies are overthrowing the British Parliament. Continues to say that George III is guilty of 27 abuses, and lists those abuses. The colonies tried to make a deal, a reconciliation with the Parliament over these abuses, and they were ignored. The Conclusion states that the Colonies are free and independent from the Parliament, that they are their own new country in the world.
This would not be a government, but a Dictatorship. This is where a single person controls a whole country/nation.