Apex-type question, not rephrased, subject is covered abundantly.
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Madison justified the new central government envisioned in the Constitution by stating that the separation of government into three powers would check the powers. He believed that if the government abused it's powers, the citizens had the right to revolt and overturn the government.
no one ....only constitution
Yes - because it declared slavery to be legal in every state of the Union. That was the essence of the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858.
No the Congress can not nullify a ruling of the Supreme Court. The Congress would have to rewrite the law which the Supreme Court had declared unconstitutional. Then the new law could overrule the Supreme Court IF the new law was declared constitutional if/when appealed.
The executive branch of government has the power to veto bills proposed by the legislative branch. The executive branch of government has the power to overturn laws and rulings made within the judicial branch of government as well!