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Diocletian
· Established the autocratic rule by emperors which characterised the Later Empire.
· Established the tetrarchy (rule by four). In 285 He appointed his fellow general Maximian as co-emperor. Diocletian was in charge of the East and Maximian was in charge of the West. In 393 the two men became senior emperors (Augusti) with the appointment of two junior emperors (Caesars): Constantius Chlorus and Galerius
· Subdivided the empire into four major administrative units (praetorian prefectures) under the charge of one of the four emperors: Galliae (Gaul, Britain and Hispania) headed by Constantius Chlorus, Italia et Africa (Italy and north-eastern Africa) headed by Maximian, Illyricum (the Balkan Peninsula except for Thrace (in eastern Bulgaria) and Oriens (East, Thrace, the Roman territories in Asia, Egypt and eastern Libya) headed by Diocletian.
· Created four new imperial capitals: Nicomedia (in north-western Turkey), Milan (in northern Italy), Sirmium (in Serbia) and Augusta Trevorum (Triers in south-western Germany).
· Doubled the number of provinces of the empire to over 100 to weaken the power of the provincial governors.
· Grouped the provinces into 12 dioceses headed by a vicarius, an official who was the deputy of the praetorian prefect, the highest official at Diocletian's court. This gave the emperor a more direct and tighter control over the empire,
· Reduced the role of the governors to mainly acting as judges in the lower courts.
· Tax collection was conducted by both the vicarius and the governor (previously only the governor did this).
· Separated civil and military power (both had previously been held by the governors) by creating duces, who were independent of the civil service and the military commanders in two or three of the new provinces.
· Doubled the size of the imperial bureaucracy was doubled.
· Reformed the coin system. The new coins were the aureus/solidus (gold), argenteus (silver), follis (coper with some added silver) and radiatus (copper). These coins were of higher quality than previous ones. The reform was an attempt to stem runaway inflation.
· When the monetary reform failed to stem inflation, Diocletian issued the Edict of Maximum Prices, but it proved unenforceable.
Constantine I
· Ended Diocletian's tetrarchy when he became sole emperor.
· Continued the autocratic style of rule of Diocletian
· Retained the administrative reforms of Diocletian: the doubled number the provinces, the dioceses, the vicarii (plural of vicarious), the doubled size of the bureaucracy, and the separation between civil and military power.
· Revived the status and administrative role of the senatorial rank reversing a pro- equestrian (cavalryman) rank trend in which the equestrians had come to monopolise the senior offices of state. He opened up administrative posts to senatorial men and made existing equestrian office holders senators.
Thus, the senatorial rank became part of the imperial hierarchy. Senator were now also allowed to elect two types of officials: the praetors and the quaestors.
· Created a new imperial capital, redeveloping the city of Byzantium and renaming it Constantinople (City of Constantine).
· Completed the termination of the Great Persecution of the Christians which had been unleashed by Diocletian with the Edict of Milan in 313. It reiterated the toleration of the Christians which had been decreed by the Edict of Toleration by the emperor Galerius of 311. Constantine was also the first emperor who sponsored Christianity and introduced laws which favoured the Christians.
· Dealt with runaway inflation by concentrating of the large-scale issue of a gold coin, the solidus, and temporality did not issue new silver coins, which he started to mint late during his reign. He managed to do so by confiscating the treasuries and statues of pagan temples to smelt gold and make coins. The confiscations were also used to finance the development of the new imperial capital.
Uncertain
· A new gold coin was issued, the solidus. It is unclear whether it was Diocletian or Constantine who introduced this coin.
· In 4th century, the Roman military was divided into frontier armies under the command of duces and permanent field armies under the command of the emperor, or other military officers. The frontier armies patrolled the borders and dealt with small-scale raids. The field armies dealt with larger-scale raids and conducted large-scale attacks across the frontiers; they were later called ripenses or limitanei. It is not entirely clear who introduced these reforms and modern historians disagree as to whether it was Diocletian or Constantine.
Both
Besides the autocratic style of rule and the administrative reforms, both Diocletian and Constantine:
· Made the curiales, wealthy local elite people who acted as city councillors and who collected local taxes, pay for shortfalls in tax collection out of their own pockets. Since they many curiales to evade their duties, they were tied to their posts by making them hereditary. If they fled their cities, they were arrested and returned to their positions.
· Promulgated decrees which made people's professions hereditary.
· Many coloni (free tenant farmers) fled to the latifundia (large landed estates) and became tenants of the large landowners who paid a rent in the form of sharecropping to escape heavy tax collection. Both Diocletian and Constantine issued decrees which tied them to their landlords, reducing them to serf-like status. In exchange the landlords undertook tax collection on their estates. Constantine issued a degree by which captured escaping coloni could be kept in chains as if they were slaves. Several subsequent emperors issued this type of edicts. Many coloni became bagaudae, bandits
Although temporarily successful, in long run such authoritarian policies stifled the very vitality the Late Empire needed to revive its sagging fortunes.
Constantine the Great ended the tetrarchy (rule by four), a system with four emperor in charge introduced by Diocletian, by winning two civil wars and becoming sole emperor. However, he retained Diocletian's other administrative reforms, such as the doubling of the number of provinces of the empire, the grouping of the provinces into 12 dioceses under the control of imperial officials (the vicarii), the reduction of the power of the provincial governors, the separation of civilian and military powers and the doubling of the size of the imperial bureaucracy.
Both Diocletian and Constantine tried to address the problem of runaway inflation which had been cause by a devaluation of the gold coins and silver coins whose precious metal content had been continuously reduced. Diocletian increased the gold content of the aureus, a gold coin, and issued a new silver coin of higher value. His reform failed to solve the problem. Constantine concentrated on the minting of a new gold coin (the solidus) which became the standard of Roman currency and remained stable. In the long run this resolved the problem of inflation, but did not benefit the poor who could not afford gold coins and had to rely on copper coins vulnerable to inflation.
enlarged two institutions- the army and civil service-which drained public funds.
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Most progressives believed that the nation needed?
Political and economic reforms. :]
What was the intent of political reforms such as the direct primary initiative refrendum and recall?
To give voters a stronger voice in government
What was the major issue that divided the early political parties?
Allaigance to orthodox church,reforms,allaigance to kingship etc.
Political party that favored a more activist government high tariffs internal improvements and moral reforms?
the Whig party
Why did the Progressive movement support changes to the political system such as the primary initiative and referendum?
They were reforms to make the government more democratic
What laws did Constantine change the laws of the empire?
Apart from laws which favoured the Christians, Constantine mostly retained the reforms introduced by his predecessor, Diocletian.
What were diocletian's reforms?
Social reform: he made it so that the emperors were respected and awed again Military reforms: He got rid of the field armies Administrative reforms: he separated the civil leaders from the military leaders Tax reforms: he created a standardized tax system where taxes were established on the basis of how many workers were in an area and how productive the land was political reforms: established a tetrarchy because the empire was too big for one person to run religious reforms: persecuted christians in the Great Persecution Price reforms: issued a price edict declaring the maximum price that a product could be sold for
When were the reforms of Diocletian made?
31 B.C. January 32
What describes the government of diocletian?
One of the great leaders of Ancient Rome, Diocletian served as Emperor in the years 284 to 305 AD (or, CE). While engaging in numerous social, political, and military reforms during his reign, the government of Rome remained an absolutist one, where final power rested in the hands of the supreme emperor (or, as Diocletian eventually arranged, co-emperors) at the top of the complex bureaucratic and legal administration that enforced imperial policies.
What did Constantine do to the world?
Constantine was a very significant Roman Emperor, ruling for 32 years. He consolidated his power, becoming the sole emperor, and brought an end to the turmoil that resulted from the breakdown of Emperor Diocletian's plan for an ongoing tetrarchy. During his reign the borders of the Roman Empire were maintained, and the economic reforms of Emperor Diocletian were consolidated. During his reign, Christianity moved from its status as a sometimes persecuted religion to the favoured religion of the Roman Empire.
What were two political reforms of diocletian?
One of Diocletian's reforms was the tetrarchy (rule by four). He appointed fellow general Maximian as co-emperor. Maximian took overall control of the western part of the empire, while Diocletian took overall control of the eastern part. Then these two men became senior emperors (Augusti) with the creation of two junior emperors (Caesars) who were subordinates of the Augusti. The empire was subdivided into four praetorian provinces, each headed by one of the tetrarchs. Another reform was administrative. Diocletian more than doubled the number of provinces by subdividing them in order to curtail the power of the governors (who were potential usurpers) and make tax collection and the enforcement of the law more efficient. He grouped the provinces under twelve dioceses headed by a vicarious (vicars, deputies of the praetorian prefect) which in turn were grouped under four praetorian prefectures. He reduced the main role of the governors to that of presiding over the lower courts. The higher courts were now presided over by the vicars. Their military command was taken away from them. Diocletian separated civilian and military power by creating new military commanders, the duces (dukes) which were separate from the civil service (previously the governors also commanded the troops in the provinces). The duces sometimes headed troops in two or three provinces. Tax collection, previously assigned to the procurators (juniors of the governors) was assigned to the governors and to the vicars. Diocletian also increased the size of the bureaucracy, probably doubling it from 15,000 to 30,000. This was a disproportionately high number given the population of the empire at the time. Half of this was provincial and diocesan officials. The other held were the staff of the praetorian prefects, the imperial court and grain supply officials and officials from The imperial court was highly structured. It was organised in different departments headed by magistri (magisters). There were legal advisers and two treasurers, one of the public treasuries and one for the imperial estates.
Who made political reforms in Athens?
Solon made political reforms in Athens.
Who introduced reforms in A.D. 284?
Your question is rather vague. If you are referring to the Romans, it was the emperor Diocletian.
What year did gaius Marius make his military reforms?
The military reforms known as the Marian Reforms took place at 107 BCE
What did both Diocletian and Constantine do to improve the roman empire?
Both Diocletian and Constantine introduced reforms aimed at restoring stability in the Roman Empire and to resolve the problem of hyperinflation which was plaguing the empire. Through much of the 3rd century there had been military anarchy. The army had been overstretched by repeated invasions of the empire. The legions often rebelled and proclaimed their commander as emperor. Emperors were often murdered, sometimes even by their own troops which had proclaimed them emperors. There was also a string of usurper emperors who tried to take over an area of the empire. Diocletian created the tetrarchy (rule by four) to restore control over a fractious empire. He appointed fellow general Maximian as co-emperor. Diocletian took charge of the eastern part of the empire and Maximian took charge of the western part. He then appointed two junior emperors to take charge of troubled frontier areas both in the east and in the west. He divided the empire into four main administrative areas, each with one of the emperors in charge. He also doubled the number of provinces of the empire to reduce the power of provincial governors, doubled the size of the imperial bureaucracy and put the empire under tighter bureaucratic control. Constantine I became sole emperor after winning two civil wars. Therefore, he did away with the tetrarchy. However, he did not change Diocletian's other administrative reforms. He retained the number of provinces Diocletian had created, did not reduce the size of the bureaucracy and retained a tight bureaucratic control over the empire. Moreover, for his succession he partitioned the empire among his three sons and a nephew. Therefore, he envisaged restoring the tetrarchy. This did not work because his heirs fought each other. Both Diocletian and Constantine introduced reforms aimed at stopping hyperinflation, which was crippling the economy of the empire. Diocletian's reforms failed, whilst Constantine's worked.
Why was the government of rome in chaos after the last severan ruler died?
Diocletian introduced reforms that were not supported by the people.
What was the importance of diocletian?
Diocletian was a Roman Emperor who reformed Roman policies to fix the perceived problems of the time. Many of these reforms improved the empire for a time or persisted until the fall of the empire
