preclearance> state, local as well as federal (National)
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The first 10 amendments to the US Constitution are known as the "Bill of Rights."They were intended to prohibit the federal government from taking away the individual rights of its citizens, and include basic freedoms that should not be abridged.* The name comes from an earlier Bill of Rights given to England by King and Queen William and Mary. King George III decided that Bill of Rights did not apply to the American Colonies.(see related question for text of the amendments)The Bill of Rights.
Each of these amendments establishes new laws that apply to the entire nation. Before each of these amendments were passed, states could make their own choices about establishing voting ages, extending the right to vote, and collecting personal income taxes. Because the supremacy clause states that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land, all states have to follow these amendments. State laws cannot contradict these federal laws.
The point of using a grandfather clause was to allow literacy tests to be conducted for voting but not to deny the right to vote for those who's ancestors had the right to vote before the literacy tests were created.
The foundation of the incorporation doctrine is the Fourteenth Amendment. The US Supreme Court has used the Due Process Clause and Equal Protection Clause to apply individual clauses of the Bill of Rights to the States.
the first ten are called bill of rights whitch a few states wanted in the constituion back when it was being made, and the rest were just changes that made the constitution better or changed things that didnt apply to modern time.