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By having officials work Behind the Scenes, ping pong diplomacy allowed diplomats to conduct negotiations without public or political pressure.
The political machines in the United States were significantly weakened during the Progressive Era. Private citizens became much more involved in government, while social, political, and economic reform occurred on every level.
Alexander Hamilton.
A political machine is an unofficial system of political organization based on patronage, the spoils system, "behind-the-scenes" control, and longstanding political ties within the structure of a representative democracy. Machines sometimes have a boss, and always have a long-term corps of dedicated workers who depend on the patronage generated by government contracts and jobs. Machine politics has existed in many United States cities, especially between about 1875 and 1950, but continuing in some cases down to the present day. It is also common (under the name clientelism or political clientelism) in Latin America, especially in rural areas. Japan's Liberal Democratic Party is often cited as another political machine, maintaining power in suburban and rural areas through its control of farm bureaus and road construction agencies. The key to a political machine is patronage: holding public office implies the ability to do favors (and also the ability to profit from graft). Political machines generally steer away from issues-based politics, favoring a quid pro quo (something for something) with certain aspects of a barter economy or gift economy: the patron or "boss" does favors for the constituents, who then vote as they are told to. Sometimes this system of favors is supplemented by threats of violence or harassment toward those who attempt to step outside of it.
The modern nomination process includes several primary elections and the nomination is usually wrapped up before the convention. The candidates campaign for these elections by making speeches, making statements to the press and sometimes by a debate with the other candidates. Everything they say of note is reported to the nation, so their differences become public knowledge. Of course, if the nomination is still open at the convention, there would be major battles there, mostly behind the scenes.
Distaste for war
The political unrest of the Baroque era influenced Peter Paul Rubens to paint scenes that conveyed themes of heroism, struggle, and the triumph of good over evil. His works often reflected the tumultuous socio-political climate, using dynamic compositions and dramatic lighting to evoke emotion and convey a sense of urgency. Rubens' art served as both a reflection of contemporary events and a means to inspire hope and resilience in a time of conflict.
The political unrest of the Baroque era, particularly the Thirty Years' War and various conflicts in Europe, influenced Peter Paul Rubens to paint scenes that reflected themes of conflict, heroism, and the human condition. One notable work is "The Massacre of the Innocents," which depicts the horror and tragedy of violence and oppression. This painting, along with others, captures the emotional intensity of the time and highlights the suffering caused by war and tyranny. Rubens used dramatic composition and vivid color to convey both the chaos of the moment and the broader social implications of unrest.
the political unrest of his time.
The baroque style focused on portraits and scenes of ordinary life because protestants disapproved of religious imagery.
Northern European Baroque painting is primarily characterized by its emphasis on realism, attention to detail, and genre scenes, often depicting everyday life and domestic interiors. In contrast, Italian Baroque painting focuses more on grandeur, dramatic lighting, and religious themes, showcasing emotional intensity and dynamic compositions. Additionally, Northern artists like Rembrandt and Vermeer often utilized a more subdued color palette and subtle textures, whereas their Italian counterparts, such as Caravaggio and Rubens, employed vibrant colors and bold contrasts to evoke strong emotions and theatricality.
Jan van Eyck, Pieter Bruegel, and Peter Paul Rubens are all significant Flemish artists from different periods who contributed to the development of Northern Renaissance and Baroque art. Van Eyck is known for his detailed oil paintings and mastery of color, while Bruegel is celebrated for his landscapes and peasant scenes that reflect social commentary. Rubens, a later figure, combined influences from both predecessors, known for his dynamic compositions and vibrant figures. Together, they represent the evolution of Flemish art through their distinct styles and thematic focuses.
Protestants disapproved of religious imagery
Portraits and scenes of ordinary life.
The Protestant disapproval of religious imagery led Dutch painters of the Baroque period to focus on idolatry.
The three variations of the international Baroque style are the Roman Baroque, which emphasized grandeur and emotional intensity, often seen in the works of architects like Bernini; the Spanish Baroque, characterized by dramatic expression and intricate details, as exemplified in the works of artists like Velázquez; and the Dutch Baroque, which focused on realism and domestic scenes, with notable painters such as Rembrandt and Vermeer. Each variation reflects regional influences and cultural contexts, showcasing the diverse manifestations of Baroque art and architecture across Europe.
I believe they were more ''genre artists'' ,in the sense that they were -inluenced by their religion which was and is , Protestantism -more focused on depicting every day life domestic scenes and also moralising scenes with emphasis on the details.This was not true for Italian artists for example, who depicted more allegorical and mythology-influenced scenes in their paintings. In the bottom line , I think the main differences were based on religion :Italy and other countries were expressing the baroque style in their churches and religious paintings or statues whereas Dutch baroque painters were restricted by Protestantism in depicting domestic scenes. In my opinion this fact helped them create masterpieces too and lead to the resurgence of many great artists of the time in Holland.