Before the Twelfth Amendment, the vice president was basically the runner-up for president. When that meant the vice president was a defeated candidate from a different party, it all but guaranteed that nothing would get done. It was believed that electing both the president and vice president on a single ticket would eliminate this problem.
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the 16th amendment removed any need to apportion income taxes among the states.
The Fugitive Slave Clause is found in Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution. This clause was mostly rendered moot by the passage of the 14th Amendment.
elastic clause
Neither. The Necessary and Proper Clause is part of the original Articles of the US Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18), so it's not an amendment, but is a formal part of the US Constitution. When use of the Necessary and Proper clause is expanded beyond the justifiable reach of Congress, that would be considered an informal amendment process.
Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 is the "Copyright Clause."