The State, either State or federal, has practically no police or law enforcement powers that any citizen does not have. All of the authority, privileges protections to use force, detain suspects, compulsion to obey laws, filing of charges with a magistrate, etc. are powers also reserved to the People. Police, Sheriffs deputies and other professional law enforcement officers have been delegated this natural right by the court but the rights and powers of the police are no greater than those of everyday citizens.
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Reserved powers are powers denied to the national government. Reserved powers are also not denied to the states. These types of reserved powers are referred to as police power of the state.
The powers kept by the state governments are called plenary powers. They may also be referred to as general police powers.
The U.S. Constitution does not delegate police powers. The power of police departments are defined at the town, county, and state levels, not at a federal level. The powers of federal police forces like the U.S. Marshalls are defined in law by Congress, but these are not defined in the Constitution. The U.S. Constitution does cover military/war powers of the United States Government. The only time the Constitution may impact the power of police is when it comes to obeying federal laws. The U.S. Constitution specifically defines that federal law is "law of the land", meaning that federal ALWAYS supersedes local and state law.
Reserved powers, are the powers kept by the state Government.
The tenth amendment reserves powers to the state. This power is known as federalism. The amendment provides that powers not granted to the federal government by the Constitution, nor prohibited to the States, are reserved to the States or the people.