The Eighteenth Century, meaning the 1700s.
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In 1835 when the German based Bertelsmann Co. was founded, Andrew Jackson was the US president.
After the internal wars and expansion of the 19th century, US industrialism peaked during World War 2 and expanded to become the dominant economic force in the world.
It's unknown. There are clear references to the existence of lodges in England by the mid-seventeenth century. Some Freemasons text goes back as far as the 14th century but no one know for sure who started the whole thing.
the early twentieth century
US President Richard M. Nixon .