A Law is a Bill That has been passed.
once a bill is signed by the President or his veto is overridden by both houses it becomes a law and is assigned an official number.
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Within the US for a law to be effective it must have been passed. Proposed laws are not always passed. They can fail to be voted into effect or they can be vetoed by the President.
The President of the United States signs bills into law after the bills have been passed by the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate.
the first fugitive slave law was passed in 1793.
Yes they can, and they have. Some have been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court after being passed. In general, federal law supersedes state law.
The type of law that that is passed after the deed is done is called an ex post facto law. These are expressly forbidden by the Constitution.