The word 'derive' basically means to trace from a source of origin. According to mathematics, to derive a particular statement is to use or apply logic, which can be done by beginning from the recognized facts.
Like an educated guess.
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Governments derive their powers from the consent of the governed.
The federal bureaucracy is considered part of the executive branch, and has powers that derive from that. there is no single power that it has: it is broken up into various departments, each of which has its own mission, with various powers allocated to each by policy, convention, or law.
Powers are delegated
passage of the stamp act.
Denied powers are powers no one can take away (personal freedoms in the Bill of Rights)