Department of Defense for cabinet and Postal Service for none cabinet
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Individuals that are the head of each executive department usually are the directors or vice presidents of those respective departments in most of these cases.
"the merit system embodied in civil service exams"
The newest Cabinet department is the Department of Homeland Security, created in 2003 in response to the attacks of September 11, 2001.
The National Security Council is responsible for national security and foreign policy. The Secretary of Defense is second only to the president and exercises command and control over the United States' military.
A president may not have any power to enforce the law at all; in most places the position is solely one of civilian leadership.