The Puritans
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I believe that is the term - "Separation of Church and State".
US Supreme Court Justices should not be influenced by Political pressure, popular opinion, or their own biases. They should only compare the case in the light of the US Constitution.
According to Enlightenment ideas people should act according to Reason and not hold convictions just because someone else (such as the Church) told them what to think. So Church influence certainly diminished among Enlightenment thinkers. But this was only a thin upper crust of people among the masses of people that held the Catholic faith. Among those masses Church influence remained almost undiminished and only in the 1960's and later, Catholics really started to follow their own judgement in moral and religious questions instead of the judgements and teachings of the Church.
George Washington was not for either Political Party, although different parties did not exist back then, he did say that political parties would be the downfall of this nation.
That would depend on the religion involved. In the United States of America, the Government has no business interfering with religious dogma, tradition and issues. Politics should not and legally can not be involved with this issue. People within these parties may have an opinion, but legally the parties should not be involved. Separation between church and state was originally setup to prevent politics from being involved with these issues, not to prevent the church from interfering with politics. Thomas Jefferson made the issue very clear by explaining the wall of separation that the state should never tear down. The issue has always been that the government should not get involved with the church.