The qustion should be clarified to state that it is about a law that declares a person guilty of commiting a crime, as opposed to declaring an act illegal, althought they can be read the same way. This is called a Bill of Attainder. Article 1 of the Constitution sets forth the powers of the Congress. Section 9, Clause 3 of that Article says that No bill of attainder shall be passed.
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Vigilantes. As in the term Vigilante justice. An illegal hanging without trial or jury is called a Lynching.
The bill of attainder is an act by legislature declaring a person of a group of people guilty of a crime with out benefit of a trial
The very last step in the judicial process is the appeal. Before the appeal, the sentence is given. Before sentencing, there's post-trial motions.
You may be asking about the municipal courts.
The exclusionary rule dictates that any evidence obtained with an improperly received search warrant or evidence obtained without any search warrant would be held inadmissible in a criminal trial.