Losers usually make a concession speech, conceding defeat by the other candidate.
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Many US Senators have run for President without resigning their Senate seats. Those who have often run in their state's next US Senate election.
Generally your little brother has to be the governor of the second largest state in the union. You use his political appointments to disenfranchise millions of voters, then allow the supreme court justices your father appointed to name you the president. Or, you could just win the electoral college.
You see, there are also Electoral Votes involved in elections. Each state has a set amount of Electoral Votes; the amount depends on how many counties the state has. When the popular vote is done, it is determined who got the most votes in each state. Once that is determined, ALL of the state's Electoral Votes go to that candidate. After a certain amount of Electoral Votes, a candidate an automatically win the election. In case that was too confusing, here's an example. In the last election, more of Oregon's residents voted for Obama than for McCain. So, all their Electoral College votes (I believe they have 5) went to Obama. There's more about Electoral Votes (they don't always go to the right candidate, for example), but that's the gist of it.
If no candidate receives the necessary votes in the Electoral College, the election goes to the House of Representatives. In the House, each state gets one vote. So the representatives of the state gather and vote within their delegation and then vote as one on the House floor. The person who receives a majority (26) is elected President. There are some problems with voting in the House. The small states (population wise) have the same influence as the larger states. If a majority of representatives from a state cannot agree on a candidate, that state loses its vote. If some members of the House favor a strong third-party candidate, it could make it difficult for any candidate to get the needed 26 votes.NovaNet: The House of Representatives
The speaker is elected by the House, Since everybody votes by party lines, the speaker loses his job if his party loses its majority. It is also possible that someone within the party could challenge the speaker strongly enough to get him to retire lest he be defeated in a election.