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A formal order given by a higher authority?
A formal order given by a higher authority is called a mandate. This can be an order given by a higher court or a person in higher power within the government.
Why is it beneficial for the federal government to have certain powers rather than the states?
It is good for the federal government to have special powers in order to uphold the constitution. If there was no central government, some state governments would treat citizens unfairly.
What is the federal bureaucracy called the undefined branch?
They are undefined because the structure and system of their power isn't clearly laid out in the Constitution. The Constitution clearly defines the Presidency, the Congress, and the Judicial system for the federal government. However, those that support the three branches aren't spelled out; this has allowed the three branches to delegate their authority to these groups (whether for good or ill) in order to efficiently improve the functions of government.
Which government authority first administered laws governing bridges including construction operation and alterations?
The Army Corps of Engineers.
What are many federal programs funded through?
A grant-in-aid provides funds from one level of government to another level of government to be used for specific purposes. Such funds are usually accompanied by requirements and standards set by the governing body for how they are to be spent. An example of this is the Federal Government requiring states to raise the drinking age in order to continue to qualify for federal funds for interstate highways.
