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Congressional pay increase is found in Amendment 27.
Head of State
The 22nd constitutional amendment is not a direct cause of Lame-duck presidents. A Lame-duck president will result anytime a new president is elected. The only real impact this amendment has on this occurance is that it guarantees that a lame-duck occurs every 8 years at the latest, as a president cannot be elected to a third term. Before this amendment it was traditional for a president not to seek a third term as President Washington eschewed a third term. Franklin Roosevelt was the only president to be elected to a third term, or a fourth term for that matter, the amendment was a reaction to the length of his presidency. Thus, before this amendment, lame-duck presidents were already occurring regularly and are not the result of this amendment. Hope that helps.
The "reserved powers" is just another term used for the tenth amendment, which states that powers that aren't specifically designated for the federal government, are automatically given to the states.