The war fought by the 13 colonies to gain independence from England is called the American Revolution. It resulted in the confirmation of the independence of the soon to be formed United States of America.
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The document that separated us from England was The Declaration of Independence.
Depends on which part your talking about. You're probably looking at the "List of Grievences" section. It states all the complaints that the colonists had about the king of Britain at the time. I don't know the name of the king, but that's who "he" is. King George III of the United Kingdom, sovereign of Great Britain at the time US independence was declared. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_iii
Colonists who opposed Britain and wanted freedom were patriots. Colonists who were loyal to Britain were loyalists or Tories. Most of the colonists wanted or didn't want freedom, so there really was no need to a name.
Britain has never had a president.
A "Declaration" is a statement about something, usually an official statement. Independence means lack of dependence, not relying on another for support, capable of making decisions on one's own. So, a Declaration of Independence is a statement of autonomy, or being on one's own. The phrase was popularized by the document of that name promulgated July 4, 1776 by the Continental Congress in America, which basically declared the 13 British colonies which adhered to it to be autonomous from Great Britain.