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Explorers typically took resources that were new or hard to come by. The early explorers from Europe to the Americas took gold or silver in an attempt to gain financial support to continue their adventures. Other explorers such as Lewis and Clark brought back information that previously had only been known to Native people or trappers - one example being beaver furs.
There were ancient horses native to the Americas, but they went extinct prior to human civilizations being founded. The current mustang population of the American West, the Chincoteague Ponies and other feral horse populations are all descendants of horses and ponies brought over by the European explorers, settlers and conquistadors.
The Columbian Exchange involved the trade of slaves, corn, and horses. The only two countries involved were Europe and Africa. The Americas were still considered colonies.
The greatest disaster to affect 14th century Europe decimated 25% of the population. The Black Death, as it was known, claimed its victims with no respect to wealth or social status. The causes of the plague wouldn't be understood for many years so it was feared as only the unknown can be.
The Townshend Acts were designed to help the British control the Colonists through taxation. They placed taxes on goods purchased in Europe that were sent to the Americas. There were taxes placed on several items including paint, paper, and tea.