Legislative: both houses of Congress. Sentate (6 year terms) and House of Representatives (2 year terms) Judicial: courts, in the case, the Federal Courts. States have their own judicial systems. Federal courts deal with cases about Federal Law. Executive: President and Vice President
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The three main branches of the American government are established in the first three articles of the United States Constitution. Article One establishes the legislative branch, Article Two the executive branch, and Article Three the judicial branch.
They are undefined because the structure and system of their power isn't clearly laid out in the Constitution. The Constitution clearly defines the Presidency, the Congress, and the Judicial system for the federal government. However, those that support the three branches aren't spelled out; this has allowed the three branches to delegate their authority to these groups (whether for good or ill) in order to efficiently improve the functions of government.
The Founders of the U.S.A. intentionally created a Constitution and, more generally, a government, that could be adapted for the future especially through the amendment process: new discoveries and changing circumstances can make an impact on government by newly adopted constitutional amendments. Further, the three primary branches of the government, individually or working together, can foment change through processes laid down by the Founders.
In a constitutional government, politicians are bound to abide by the rules laid out in the constitution. Furthermore, they should not uphold or enact any law that violates the constitutional rules.