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A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it. It is granted by a head of state, such as a monarch or president, or by a competent church authority. In Canada the governor is able to grant what is called clemency, which, in a sense, is sort of the same thing. A general pardon may be known as an amnesty.
The death penalty
An antonym for amnesty is punishment or penalty.
It requires everyone in the United States to purchase health insurance or pay a penalty if they don't. This is the first time the government has required residents to purchase a product as part of being a resident of the country.
The US Constitution specifies the structure of the US Federal Government. It describes the branches of the Federal Government and how they work. It also has a series of amendments that clearly define the rights of US citizens. The Constitution also informs us that whatever is not covered in this document is left to the States. Here's an example of the US Constitution leaving a duty to US State governments. A State can identify serious crimes that could result in the death penalty. The law the State creates however must comply with the US Constitution. If a State decides not to have a death penalty, that's quite alright with the Federal government. But all US State laws must still be "Constitutionally" correct in that the law must not conflict with the US Constitution. Here's an example of that: A State decides to pass a law that allows State officials to close down any newspaper that calls itself a "communist newspaper". This would be a law that violates the Constitution's 1st Amendment which guarantees freedom of speech. This State law therefore does not comply with the US Constitution.