Women do not qualify as a "discrete and insular minority".
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It was during the Gilded Age that the Amendments were passed concerning income tax, direct election of senators, prohibition, and women's suffrage. These things were enacted through the 16th through the 19th Amendments. The Gilded Age covered a period of time from the 1870s to 1900.
Women were subject to the citizenship of their husbands. If their husband was a citizen or capable of gaining citizenship (hence free-whites) they had U.S citizenship. They did not however have rights. Due to the idea of coverture where women submitted fully to their husbands at marriage, women could not vote, own anything, sign contracts, etc.
19th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1920. That gave women the right to vote but, men still didn't want to believe that women were equal to them. Only three years later, in 1923, is when the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was first introduced to Congress. It states that, "Men and women shall have equal right throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction."
women were treated fairly by their families in France.
The women who were actively involved in securing women right were Susan B. Anthony, Florence Kelley, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.