The Founders felt that the British government was not protecting their rights because the British stopped the colonists' trial in the jury, taxed the colonists without their consent, and didn't always go for common good.
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Social contract is the only government theory that focuses on protecting the rights of the governed. The other theories of government are divine right, force, and evolutionary.
The list of rights protected in the Constitution were those rights that the Founders believed would be most likely for a tyrannical government to infringe upon. There were also rights that were not protected because they come in direct conflict with other rights. For example, the Right of Reputation and the Right to Free Speech come into conflict since negative speech could harm reputation; but the Founders believed that Free Speech was more important that the Right of Reputation. There were also rights that the Founders did not believe should be given, but that later generations thought were worth protecting, such as the Right to be a Free Man.
That man has the natural rights given by God and that when the government no longer protects these rights that the people have the right to change the government. He then lists the reason/charges against the King to back up that the king is no longer protecting these rights. The basic message and belief is that the people of the 13 colonies should be free from British rule.
the job of protecting the rights is the congress