It makes sense that a Supreme Court decision is not permanently binding because the Court's interpretations of the law can evolve over time as societal values and norms change. Allowing for the possibility of revisiting and potentially overturning past decisions ensures that the law remains responsive to the needs of society and reflects current understanding and perspectives. Additionally, the principle of stare decisis, which guides the Court to respect precedent, is balanced with the recognition that legal interpretations may need to adapt to new circumstances.
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The decision is binding for the particular case decided on by the Court. Of course the Government can change the law, and that law must be obeyed.
A decision made by a higher court sets a binding precedent for the inferior court(s).
In most cases a Supreme Court decision is permanent. The current Supreme Court can change the decision of a previous Supreme Court.
That depends on the case. Often, the state supreme court is the end of the road for a case, making the decision of the state supreme court final and binding. Sometimes cases involved federal questions (issues arising under the US Constitution or federal law) that allow them to be appealed to the US Supreme Court. If the US Supreme Court hears such a case, it may affirm or overturn the state supreme court decision.
Not necessarily. The US Supreme Court sometimes issues per curiam opinions that are binding (on the instant case) but unsigned; however, these decisions do not set precedent for future cases.
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