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The root cause was the break-up of the old parties by the slavery question.

The Whigs split in 1856 and did not field a candidate. A new party, the Republicans was formed from northern Whigs and anti-slavery factions. The southern whigs and others Southerners formed a new Constitutional Union Party. The Democrats split into north and south and nominated two candidates.

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Q: Why were there four parties and candidates in the presidential election of 1860?
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