The Supreme Court Case Marbury v. Madison is an Informal Amendment. For example, It made it so the Judaical Branch of the Government gained the Power of Review. This is informal because the actual Constitution did not change only the way we perceived Article III section 2 and the Judiciary Act of 1789.
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Neither. The Necessary and Proper Clause is part of the original Articles of the US Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18), so it's not an amendment, but is a formal part of the US Constitution. When use of the Necessary and Proper clause is expanded beyond the justifiable reach of Congress, that would be considered an informal amendment process.
First Amendment.
16th Amendment
The Platt Amendment
The 16th amendment of the constitution on the United States of America is written regarding taxes for both people and religious institutions. If a church is taxed it would be a violation of this amendment.