Was pharaoh a black man?
This is a difficult question to answer because of the
controversial nature of the subject of race. Biological definitions
of race and social definitions of race are often not consistent.
Also unfortunately there has been a history of racist ideas in
Western academia that were often fixated on separating Egypt
culturally and biologically from the rest of the African continent.
However mainstream, modern scholarship has advanced to the point
where there are academically honest experts who can give us some
answers. It has been suggested by at least one prominent Biological
Anthropologist that in terms of skin color the typical modern Upper
Egyptian to Nubian color would have been the model in most of the
country (see the research of Shomarka Keita on Ancient Egyptian
biological affinities). That would imply a range in skin color on
average from medium to dark brown.
A recent study which performed a histological analysis of the
skin on Ancient Egyptian noble mummies from Upper Egypt found it to
be, "packed with melanin as expected for specimens of Negroid
origin" (see Mekota and Vermehren 2004). Skeletal remains of the
Ancient Egyptians have been studied for many years. Their limb
proportions have been determined to be tropical suggesting that the
ancestors of the Ancient Egyptians migrated from the tropics upon
settling the Nile Valley (see Zakrzewski 2004).
Predynastic Egyptian crania at the time of state formation
cluster with Northeastern Nilotic, Northwestern Saharan and
tropical East Africans (see Keita 1993). There seems to have been a
change in craniometric patterns in later periods as Late Dynastic
Northern Egyptians have centroid values between African and
European series. DNA analysis of 12th Dynasty mummies reveal that
they have multiple lines of descent including from Sub-Saharan
Africa (see Paabo and Di Rienzo 1993). The other lineages were not
identified.
Archeological and Linguistic research indicates that the Ancient
Egyptians were indigenous to the continent of Africa (see Hassan
1988 and Ehret 1996). Art objects are not considered to be useful
by Biological Anthropologists because they are suspect as data and
interpretations are highly dependent on stereotyped thinking but
some scholars have noted that much of the Dynastic statuary have
variations on the narrow nosed, narrow faced East African facial
morphology. By taking a multidisciplinary approach several modern
scholars have come to the conclusion that the Ancient Egyptians
were an indigenous Northeast African people who were tropically
adapted and shared biological affinities with their more Southerly
African neighbors.
This is in reference to the early Ancient Egyptians as over time
Egypt gradually absorbed foreigners from the Near East and Europe
which became a recurring phenomenon after the series of invasions
following the New Kingdom period. Immigration was especially
significant during the Greco-Roman and Islamic periods of Egyptian
history.
So Ancient Egypt was indeed an indigenous African civilization
and its people looked like modern Northeast Africans like those in
modern Upper Egypt, Northern Sudan and the Horn of Africa. If you
consider your average Upper Egyptian, Nubian, Eritrean or Somali to
be Black then yes by your definition they were Black. But bare in
mind that native Africans have a range of physical characteristics.
They don't all have one particular phenotype. There was variation
within the Nile Valley during the Dynastic period as there is in
Northeast Africa today.