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During the Roman Republic the elected magistrates, who were officers of state who performed executive functions, carried out their duties independently within the remit of their offices. There was not a centralised form of government. There were five types of magistrates. There were three senior magistrates, the consuls, the praetors and the censors and two junior magistrates, the aediles and the quaestors.
Two annually elected consuls were the heads of the Republic and the army. The praetors were like chief justices, but could also command an army. The censorscarried out the census, enrolled the senators, and could dismiss senators, were responsible for public morality and commissioned and funded public works. The quaestors were the treasures. The aediles supervised the maintenance of public buildings, temples, sewers and aqueducts, street paving and cleaning, traffic regulations and precautions against fires. They were superintendents for baths and shops. They organised public festivals and games. They monitored the quality of traded goods and the correctness of weights and measures. They supervised the purchase and distribution of subsidised corn to the poor. They enforced sumptuary laws and the punishment of usurers and gamblers.
All the magistrates were elected annually, except for the censors who originally were elected every five years and then every 18 months. The senior magistrates were elected by the assembly of the soldiers (comitia centuriata) and the junior magistrates were elected by the assembly of the tribes (comitia tributa).
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