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Only to the south. On the west, towards the ancient country of Libya, the desert acted as a natural border. On the east, there was the Red Sea and the Sinai desert which again acted as natural borders.

To the south were the Nubian kingdoms which were at various times at war with Egypt, although in more peaceful times there was a healthy trade between the two regions.

To protect their southern borders the Egyptians built a cordon of huge mud-brick forts in the area of the second cataract; these included the forts at Buhen, Kor and Mirgissa. These forts had external moats, double walls (the inner walls eleven metres high), towers, bastions and carefully-designed gateways with double gates. Battlements gave cover to the garrison.

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14y ago

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