Geologists designate different time periods in Earth's ancient past using the geologic time scale, which is divided into eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages. These divisions are based on significant events in Earth's history, such as mass extinctions, major geological or biological changes, or the appearance of key fossils. The boundaries between these time periods are defined by specific markers in the rock record, such as changes in fossil assemblages or shifts in sedimentation patterns. Geologists use a combination of stratigraphy, radiometric dating, and fossil evidence to accurately assign ages to these time periods.
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Geologists divide Earth's history into supereons (there's only one, the precambrian), supereons are divided into eons (there are four), eons are divided into eras, eras are divided into periods (Periods may be the most common divisions you read about. The Jurassic is a period), periods are divided into epochs, epochs are divided into ages.
After the first era (the Cryptic) The various divisions are mostly determined buy the emergence of some form of life.
Because these time periods had been pre recorded down before as soid proof to support that these events during the time periods had actually happened, this is why they both use them, its basically the international time scale used. Scienece homework? lol
Ancient Argos had a monarchy. A monarchy is a form of government with only one ruler.
As you might imagine, there isn't an exact definition, but generally Ancient History is taken to be from the start of written history - around 5,500 BCE, until the early middle-ages (or Late Antiquity) - around 400 - 500CE.
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Sparta was a Greek city-state that was known for it's army they went into battles and won, Athens was also a Greek city-state but it was known for being a good place for trade kids even went to school. Ancient Roman empire and Ancient Greece were in different time periods.