zeus: lightning bolt and hawk poseidon: trident and horse hades: helm of drakness and cerebrus athena:owl and olive tree hera: peacock aphrodite:dove ares: battle axe and a dog hermes: winged shoes apollo: lyre
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Aspects of nature overwhelming to man that required some sort of explanation. Lightning, rivers, death, the sun, war. Anything that sparked wonder became a part of a wide, shared mythology.
Greek gods and goddesses have symbols because they symbolize there powers or weapons.
Apollo
The king of the Greek gods was Zeus, god of the sky, thunder and lightning, law, order and justice. His main symbols were the lightning bolt, the eagle, the bull and the oak.
Gods have symbols because there are very inportant!
The Greek gods didn't have symbols the way you are probably thinking of them. There is always a certain amount of iconography associated with religion, but they didn't have anything like the "Cross" or "Star of David" that applied to specific gods. Instead, the gods had items that were generally associated when them - such as the peacock to Hera, or the Laurel to Apollo.
Zeus was the ruler of the Greek Gods and Kronos was the ruler of the Titans.