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The thing you refer to as mythology was considered a religion. As much so as any today.
What we today call Greek Mythology came from the ancient peoples of the Mediterranean. Most other mythology comes to us from cultures who did not record their religion nearly so long or detailed a way.
In a way, yes. Mythology is what a culture defines itself by. In that way, Greek mythology was to the Greeks what the Bible is to modern Christians. It was the religion that they held dear. In most ways, it was very similar to the religion of Rome in the time of Jesus. It is a collection of stories that define what is held to be important to the culture and gives "reasons" for the natural occurrences that we face- earthquakes, floods, rain, sunshine, the beginning of the world, etc.
Most of the gods in Greek mythology originated from the ancient Greek civilization.
Greek is not the longest lasting mythology there are older civilization with older myths. Greek however is the most "famous" (i guess that would be the most appropriate word). it is the most studied