The arable land was mostly in small pockets in valleys separated by mountains, rivers and seas. Incoming migratory tribes to a portion each to farm and later each developed cities, becoming independent city-states which had no reason to merge with competing other city-states.
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Greece was built in between many rocky mountains and hills. This separated it and developed induvuidual city-states.
it develops wars and fighting in the city -States
Greece is mountainous and settlement grew up in separated fertile areas which became independent city-states.
the geography of Greece made more independent communities (city states) which helped foster participation in political affairs which gave them their own laws and military power.
three greek city states without colonies were Athens, Sparta, and Knossos