Rome, until the fall of the western empire, when it shifted to Constantinople.
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The capitol of the Roman Empire was... wait for it... ROME! Oh my. Constantinople was the capitol of THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE... Sources: My Social Studies Teacher and my Social Studies Textbook
After the capital of the Roman Empire was moved to Constantinople, the Empire lasted over 1000 years.
It was probably Rome, the capital of Italy now. By Hanna
It was known, while it existed, simply as the Roman Empire. In order to distinguish it from the Western Roman Empire, historians have taken to calling it the Byzantine Empire. This name refers to Byzantium, which was the original name of the city of Constantinople, the Eastern Roman Empire's capitol.
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When the empire split into the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire due to differentiating details within the Christian Church, The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was established in the ruins of the ancient city of Byzantium, and renamed Constantinople by the Emperor of the time: Constantine. The capital of the Western Roman Empire remained Rome, but the bulk of political power shifted to Constantinople.