The British colonized Canada in an attempt to rid North America of the French. There were many benefits gained after Britain colonized Canada such as increased fur trade, higher American loyalist settlement, and others.
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Britain gained control of all explored territory in Canada in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. It later became a self-governing colony of Britain in 1867.
Because the government had been set up by the British. The British also wanted the land and resources in Canada, and most of the people in Canada were of English descent.
The British empire invaded Canada so as to make it part of its empire. Canada did not want this and they stayed under the British rule up to 1817.
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Maryland was the first proprietary colony founded in the New World. The charter for the colony was granted by the King, but in reality the Lord Proprietor had complete authority to administer the colony as he saw fit.
The building of a trans-continental railway was one of the conditions for the colony of British Columbia agreeing to join Confederation. This was the major reason, but by no means the only one. The story of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) has been told in many books, including two by Pierre Berton. There was also an excellent television mini series produced by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). It was based on Berton's books and was narrated by him. For more information, Google: history "canadian pacific railway"
The first colony in Africa was the Greek controlled areas of Egypt in the 500's BC.
The difference between Dominion and Colony are not as apparent as black and white. Dominion refers to a land owned by another but with a government of its own where a Colony refers to a territory that retains ties to the parent state for control and governance.