The Byzantines were members of the Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) Empire, which changed greatly in size over the course of its history. At its largest extent, the Empire included much of the Mediterranean coastline, as well as all of Greece, Turkey, Egypt, and much of the Middle East. Much of this was lost after the first wave of Islamic expansion in the 7th Century CE, but throughout most of their history the Byzantines managed to maintain control of Greece and Turkey.
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From the 4th Century to the 15th Century (Late Antiquity and Middle Ages)
The Hagia Sophia is a great Byzantine cathedral that still exists today.
No, just European factions, and the Almohads, Egyptians, Turks, Byzantines and Russians/Novogrod (and the unplayable Golden Horde)
They did, Byzantine Emperor John Komneos I asked the Pope of the time, to send troops form the entire Christian world to fight off the "raging ahead terrible Muslims"
Move the capital to Constantinople and put up a wall on the land side of the peninsula to prevent invaders