Everyone wants their language to be the oldest, but the truth is, that written language doesn't go back very far in Human history, and without artifacts of writing, we can't tell what was going on with language, or how it evolved. We can only theorize.
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Cuniform is the oldest existing example of a written langage we have; it was invented by the Sumarians.
Proto-Indo-European is the oldest known language, and this is not the name of it, just a label applied to it so it can be discussed; however, there are no examples of this language still in existence. A partial lexicon of the language has been extrapolated and reconstructed by linguists and anthropologist by the examination of other very old languages that share this common root.
The city of Argos is not only the oldest city in Greece having been an urban settlement for the last 7,000 years but also competes very closely with Athens to be the oldest city in the whole of Europe.
the earliest or oldest known system of writing is Cuneiform.
Bulgaria has the very first created gold. It then has spred throughout europe.
The Greek Alphabet is the oldest one that is in common use, around the world. But Greek is no longer spoken. Tamil is an ancient language, used primarily in the Sub-Continent of India, which is still spoken today (however by a very few number of people).
Yes. It was the language of the educated classes from around 0 to 1700AD. A lot of books were written in Latin and it was the language of the church. This meant that, even if you spoke another language at home, you would learn Latin if you wanted to read or study. It also became the native language in Italy, Spain, France, Portugal and Romania and is the ancestor of modern-day Italian, Spanish, etc.