The Hyksos did. A near Asian tribe who introduced the composite bow and wheeled chariot to the Egyptians.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos
Note: Hyksos was merely the Egyptian phrase meaning "foreign rulers", and some scholars believe that some of these people were actually the tribes of Israel as the Biblical account attests. The best estimate for the israelite migration to northern Egypt is between 1900 and 1800 BC.
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The capital city of Egypt during the middle kingdom was Thebes.
egypt fell to Alexander (the great)
During the Middle Kingdom of ancient Egypt (around 2055-1650 BCE), the Egyptian pharaohs expanded their territory through military campaigns into Nubia (modern-day Sudan) to control trade routes and access resources like gold and ivory. They also extended their influence into the Levant, including parts of modern-day Israel, Lebanon, and Syria. These conquests helped Egypt establish itself as a regional power in the ancient Near East.
the best way to describe middle kingdom of Egypt is that this was the time when Egypt became reunited
She was the best ruler Egypt had had since the middle kingdom! She brought Egypt to the height of its power. All in all...she rocked!