The Persian Empire stretched from Asia Minor to India, and included many conquered nations. A strong army was important to maintaining the Persian Empire's power for many reasons. Firstly, the army helped to conquer to new lands for the empire. Secondly, they helped deter any possible uprisings or revolutions among the conquered nations. Thirdly, they helped maintain the peace throughout the empire.
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It constituted an immediately available high quality force to both impose control on territories which could not be gained by negotiation and bribery, and could deal with uprisings.
Greek attacks on the Persian navy
Invasion by an ambitious Alexander the Great who took over the Empire and turned it into an empire of his own.
His persistence in running a 10 year military campaign to take over all the Persian Empire.
The most important factor of making Mesopotamia's farmland fertile was water.
irrigation