11th grade US History Chapter 16 - World War Looms

It blamed them completely for starting the war, it took away their colonies and border territories, it banned them from maintaining a strong army

The democratic government set up in Germany after WWI that proved to be unable to contend with Germany's growing problems

They collapsed and totalitarian dictators were able to take power

Communist state established in Russia in 1922 led first by Lenin and later by Stalin

Stalin's plans to make Russia into an industrial leader through complete government control of all economic activity

a political system in which the government exer4cises complete control over its citizens' lives`

Totalitarian leader of Italy who played on Italy's weak economy, unstable government, and fear of communism to create a fascist state

Political ideology that stresses nationalism and placed the interests of the state over those of individuals; includes power centralized with a single strong leader and a small group of party members

Name for Mussolini's followers (from the uniforms they wore)

The formal name for the Nazi Party of Germany; despite this name the Nazis did not have ties to socialism

The Leader; nickname for Hitler

My Struggle; Hitler's book outlining the basic beliefs of the Nazi Party

The German brand of facism based on extreme nationalism

Unite all German-speaking people under a great German empire; enforce racial "purification"; national expansion (lebensraum)

"Living space"; One thing Nazis wanted to obtain

Race Hitler considered "superior"; characterized by blond hair, blue eyes, etc.

Extreme pride in and devotion to one's country, often even over one's individual interests

Prime Minister of Germany, position Hitler was appointed to in 1933 when his Nazi party was the most powerful in Germany

"Third German Empire"; what Hitler replaced the Weimar Republic with once he was appointed chancellor

Group that seized power in Japan from the imperial government

Chinese province seized by Japanese militarists in 1931 without the consent of the offical Japanese government

Both wanted more living space and resources.

They condemned Japan who simply quit the League in response; they took no direct military intervention

Other nations began to test its power and Germany also withrdrew

German region on the French and Belgian border that hitler reoccupied despite it being demilitarized by the Treaty of Versailles.

One of Africa's few independent nations at the beginning of WWII that was siezed by Mussolini's Italy

Spanish army General who led a group of officers to rebel against the Spanish republic

Formal alliance between Mussolini and Hitler initiated by their mutual support of Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War

Group of 3,000 Americans who traveled to Spain to fight Franco's fascism

They remained neutral despite Germany and Italy offering official military support.

Treaty signed by 62 countries that denounced war, but had no provisions for how to deal with nations that broke the pact

Political philosophy that Americans tried to stick to as WWII approached

Investigated the claim that America had been dragged into WWI by greedy bankers and arms dealers who wanted to profit

Series of acts passed by Congres beginning in 1935 that were aimed at keeping the US out of war; included outlawing sales of arms to nations at war or nations engaged in civil wars

He argued that Japan hadn't officially declared war on China, so he could send arms and supplies to China

Austria had only been created as a nation by the Paris Peace Conference following WWI and the majority of the small nation's population were German.

"Union"; In order to take over Austria, Hitler simply announced a union with the country since most of its population favored unification anyway

Western border region of Czechoslovakia where about 3 million German-speaking people lived; a second target of Hitler's lebensraum

He made claims that the Czechs were abusing Sudeten Germans and built up troops on the border to prepare for invasion. In order to prevent an actual war and the complete fall of Czechoslovakia, the French and British agreed to give Hitler this region.

British minister who, along with French primier Edouard Daladier, practiced a policy of appeasement toward Hitler

Gave Hitler his supposed "last territorial demand" (the Sudetenland) to avoid war

Political rival of Chamberlain who regularly spoke out against the policy of appeasement toward Hitler

Giving up principles to pacify an aggressor

Poland

A fear that invasion would provoke the Soviet Union.

An agreement not to go to war; In particular, one signed between Hitler and Stalin that allowed Hitler to invade Poland without fear of reprisal from the Soviet Union if he agreed (in a second secret pact) to divide Poland between them.

"Lightning war"; Germany's newest military strategy including intial strikes by luftwaffe followed by invasion of fast tanks and infantry in order to quickly destroy another nation.

German air force

They attacked Poland from the east to ensure that they received their fair share of territory

A strongly defended area on the eastern border of France where British and French concentrated their troops in the early days of WWII, anticipating a German attack

A few miles away from the Maginot Line, location where Germans concentrated their troops along their western border awaiting French and British action

"Sitting war"; mocking name for the fact that after France and Britain declared war on Germany, nothing happened for weeks

Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, & Luxembourg

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and also invaded Finland

A heavily wooded region of Northeast France that Hitler invaded through in order to bypass the Maginot Line (was believed to be impassable)

Location where the Germans trapped almost 400,000 British and French soldiers on the French side of the English Channel (to which the British began ferrying people across the Channel to safety), to prevent them from protecting Paris

Italy invaded Paris from the South as Germany invaded from the North

A Nazi-controlled puppet state in Souther France established by Hitler and headed by Marshal Philippe Petain

French general who fled to England after the fall of Paris and set up a government-in-exile

Knowing they could not compete with Britain's powerful navy, the Germans tried to invade Britain by launching a massive air campaign that kept Britain under siege every night for two months and continued through the summer and fall

Technology that helped Britain's Royal Air Force combat the German luftwaffe starting in the Battle of Britain

Britain

Hitler's elite "security squadron" (SS)

The Nazis' systematic murder of 11 million people across Europe, more than half of whom were Jews

Hatred of the Jews which had been prevelant in Europe since long before the Holocaust

Stripped Jews of their German citizenship, jobs, and property

"Night of Broken Glass"; November 9-10, 1938; Day Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish businesses, homes, and synagogues across Germany killing and injuring hundreds of Jews and arresting around 30,000

Nazis tried to speed up Jewish emigration, but other nations were hesitant to accept these people

Jewish physicist who was among the 100,000 Jewish refugees accepted by the US; the US primarily accepted refugees of exceptional ability like him

A German ocean liner filled with Jewish refugees, 740 (of 943) of whom had US immigration papers who were turned away from America and ultimately forced to return to Europe; more than half of its passengers were later killed in the Holocaust

The deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population

Gypsies, freemasons, Jehovah's Witnesses, homoxexuals, the mentally deficient, the mentally ill, the physically disabled, and teh incurably ill

The Nazi SS rounded up Jews in Poland and executed them on the spot

Labor camps the Nazis forced Jews into; had been originally set up to imprison political opponents, but were turned over the the SS to house people like the Jews; in these camps people were staved, worked to death, and suffered from countless diseases

This began in early 1942 and included mass exterminations of Jews

Location of a meeting in 1942 of Nazi leaders where the decision to begin using death camps was made

A provision FDR persuaded Congress to pass to get around the Neutrality Acts that would allow warring nations to buy US arms as long as they paid cash adn transported them in their own ships; seemed like too little, too late and FDR would later begin providing "all aid short of war"

Germany, Italy and Japan

Mutual defense treaty that joined the Axis Powers; Meant that if the US engaged in war with Germany, they would be fighting a two-ocean war with Japan as well

Despite being officially neutral, after 1940 the US begain to increase its spending on defense and passed the first peacetime military draft

He decided to run for a third term and won nearly 55% of the popular vote

What the US tried to be in WWII by being the supplier of the Allies without actually declaring war

March 1941; FDR's plan to lend or lease arms to the Allies, even if they couldn't immediately pay for them; FDR compared to lending a garden hose to a neighbor whose house was on fire to avoid it spreading to your home

The reason the US was willing to supply the Soviet Union after Hitler broke their non-aggression pact

Use of groups of up to 40 submarines to patrol areas of the Atlantic and attack convoys at night to prevent US supply ships from reaching Europe; US warships had permission to attack these wolf-packs

The result of a secret meeting between FDR and Churchill where both countries pledged collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, adn freedom of the sees; became the basis for Declaration of the United Nations

Those nations that fought the Axis Powers (included Britain, The Soviet Union, and eventually the United States)

Before an actual declaration of war by the Americans, the Senate repealed a ban against arming merchant ships so they could combat German u-boats that were sinking many ships

Chief of staff of the Japanese Kwantung Army and later prime minister who was responsible for the Manchurian invasion and spearheaded the Japanese push to expand throughout the Pacific during WWI

Took European colonies like French Indochina and began to move through the Pacific; The US responded by embargoing oil trade, an essential resource

Japanese Emperor

The largest US naval base in the Pacific; attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941 which pushed the US to declare war on Japan and enter WWII