The people of the middle ages mostly believed in four elements: fire, earth, air, and water. Arsenic, antimony, and bismuth were discovered in the middle ages, but medieval people did not know they were elements any more than they knew that gold, copper, iron, and silver were elements. The idea of actual chemical elements was something that came later.
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protection are been used among them.. such as condom etc..
People of the Middle Ages did not know how to make concrete. The ancient Romans had concrete, but the secret of how to make it may have been lost. So there was a time from the middle of the fifth century for about 1300 years when no concrete structures were built. Even if the secret had been recorded, the fact that no one was using it meant it was lost for all practical purposes.
The Middle Ages (the term Dark Ages has been out of favour for quite some time) was the period which followed the fall of the Roman Empire. Therefore, it no longer existed.
"Barbaric" is a term that has been romanticised to infer the primitive and brutal nature of life and warfare during the Middle Ages (ca. 5th to 15th centuries) The term can also relate the the loosely coined "Barbarians", which was given to tribes and people outside the Roman Empire prior to the onset of the Middle Ages. As the rapid expansion of the Roman Empire and the influx of foreigners (i.e. barbarians) into the Roman lands were responsible for the demise of the the Empire, it could be another reason why the Middle Ages are labelled as 'barbaric'. It is however, not appropriate to label the entire Middle Ages period as barbaric as there very many discoveries and occurrences during this time that were very civilised and eminent and far from the stereotypical and contemporary definition of barbaric.
Mandrakes have been used since Biblical times in magic and alchemy. There is a link to an article below that explains more.