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Originally, dukes were men in the Roman army who had achieved the rank of general, but could not hold it because they were not Roman citizens by birth. Early in the Middle Ages, the title was pretty much interchangeable with the title of general. It quickly became a term for a man who controlled a large piece of territory and maintained a powerful fighting force. In this capacity, it was a title of nobility, higher than count or earl. By the time of the High Middle Ages, it was the highest title of nobility, though it was below that of any royal rank, such as prince.

In some places, dukes were monarchs in their own right. As such they were often called archdukes. Monarchs whose ranks were of nobility rather than monarchy were prone to deciding they were kings, however.

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