There are different kinds of calendars that have been used throughout history. Some of the common calendars over the years include the Hebrew calendar, Islamic calendar, Gregorian calendar and Chinese calendar among others.
APEX: Science and technology flourished in Islamic caliphates but declined in Western Europe.
The West learned more about Islamic thought.
After centuries of Islamic expansion under threat of the sword, many Christian lands were under Islamic rule and oppression including the Holy Land of Jerusalem and its surroundings. The Crusaders fought to free the many oppressed Christians enslaved under Islamic rule. They also fought to reclaim the Holy Land to its rightful heritage. The brutalities of war were common to both sides of this conflict.
False
it was divided by disagreements over which muslims should be leaders
It promoted islam but tolerated the culture, religion, and science of non-Muslim Apex
they conatin complex arabesques and interlaced lines
it was divided by disagreements over which muslims should be leaders
Assyria conquered Israel, then Babylon conquered Assyria and Judah, then Persia conquered Babylon, then the Seuclid Empire conquered Judah, then the Judeans revolted, then Rome conquered Judah, then the Islamic Caliphate conquered the Byzantine Empire (the remains of the Roman Empire). The Ottoman Empire conquered Judah from the Cusaders who had conquered it from its Islamic rulers. Then the British Empire took it from the Ottomans.
Arabic became the dominant language throughout the early Islamic Empires as they were founded by Arabic speakers.
South Sudan is a nation that is landlocked, religiously a mix of Christian, Islamic and animist and climatically semi-arid and desert.
Damascus was conquered during the reign of second Rightful Caliph Hazrat Omar (RAU). It became Islamic in 638 CE.
Egypt was conquered by Cambyses II, the ruler of the Achaemenid Empire, the second of the four pre-Islamic Persian Empires
Islamic caliphates spread Islam throughout the region during the postclassical period.
Arabic, mainly.
higher taxes required of non-Muslims